Breach of Contract-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Where Contracting parties have pre-determined the amount payable as damages in the event of a breach of contract, this amount of damages should be payable as a contractual right. Discuss whether you agree with this statement. Answer: A contract is the combination of offer, acceptance, consideration, legal intention and consideration. Once a valid contract is made then the parties must comply with the terms of the contract. One of the terms that are normally made part of the contract is the term of possible remedies or damages. These are also called liquidated damages or the pre determined amount that must be paid by the defaulting party to the aggrieved party in case of breach of contract. The pre contractual remedies are the amount that is freely decided by the parties prior the establishment of the contract. thus, these are the damages which can be claimed by the parties to the contract in the event of the breach of contract as they are freely decided by the parties and thus the courts must honor such clauses as they are made part of a private document and where the clause is made part of the contract by mutual determination. The courts were willing to pay the liquidated damage even when such damages are harsh on one party as they were decided mutually by the contractual parties.[1] So, can we conclude that Where contracting parties have pre-determined the amount payable as damages in the event of a breach of contract, this amount of damages should be payable as a contractual right. The answer is NO. In 2012, the High court of Australia in Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Pty Ltd [2012][2] has determined the situation wherein the liquidated damages which are usually claimed by the contractual parties as rights cannot be held enforceable mainly when they are treated as penalties. So, the question arises as to when the liquidated damages are considered as penalties to make them non enforceable in law. It is submitted that when the liquidated damages which are mutually decided by the parties at the time of the formation of the contract are found to be 'extravagant and unconscionable' when compared from what was expected by the parties then such liquidated damages must be considered as penalties, thereby, making them non-enforceable in law. it is held in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd[1915][3] and Ringrow Pty Ltd v BP Australia Pty Ltd(2005)[4] that when the damages of serious nature as opposed to trivial damages then such are not liquidated, rather, the same must fall in the category of penalties which cannot be asked by the contractual parties as a matter of right. Two important factors must be considered in making any liquidated damages into penalties. The same are:[5] That degree of difference that exist amid the damages that are pre determined by the parties and the damages that are actually suffered by the aggrieved party; To consider the relationship that is shared amid the parties, that is, the presence of barraging powers of the parties when the pre determined damages were anticipated by the parties etc. In the leading case of Ringrow Pty Ltd and BP Australia Pty Ltdestablished a contractual relationship for the purchase of a service station. Ringrow Pty Ltd needs to buy fuel from BP Australia Pty Ltdexclusively and this will allow BP Australia Pty Ltdto buy back the service station if the contract is violated ( as per a collateral agreement). There was a contractual breach on the part of Ringrow Pty Ltd as it bought and on-sold fuel from some other supplier. Because of this actions of Ringrow Pty Ltd , the BP Australia Pty Ltdbrought an action against Ringrow Pty Ltd. it was submitted by Ringrow Pty Ltd that the pre determined damages that are made part of the contract should not be enforced as a matter of right as they are in the form of penalties and thus are un-enforceable in nature. it was decided by the court that the pre determined damages that are decided by the parties are always enforceable unless and until they are out of proportion considering the facts and situations and the loss that is actually suffered by the aggrieved party. If the actual damages are extravagant then it amounts to penalty and is not enforceable. The onus of proving that the liquidated damages must be considered as penalties rests on the party who is denying the liquidated damages. If the pre determined damages are decided by the parties represent a genuinely on their part then the clause should not be considered as enforceable otherwise not and is held in Esanda Finance Corporation v Plessnig (1989)[6]. In Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Pty Ltd , the high court simply submitted that if the pre determined damages cause are considered to be enforceable only when they do not fall in the category of penalty. Just because the actual damages are difficult to prove or are complex will not make them penalty in nature. The actual damage suffered must be extravagant an out of proportion to make them penalty in nature and making them not enforceable in law. Thus, if the liquidated damages are found to be out of proportion they are penal in nature and thus cannot be claimed a matter of right and thus is not enforceable in the court of law and the same can be challenged by the affected party. The liquidated damages can be considered as a cap on general damages when the clause is specifically confirmed as the only remedy for the breach of contract. Thus, it is not rightful in submitting that Where contracting parties have pre-determined the amount payable as damages in the event of a breach of contract, this amount of damages should be payable as a contractual right. The statement is not true if the pre determined damages are extravagant as they then are penal in nature and is not enforceable in law Reference List Case laws Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Pty Ltd [2012] HCA 30. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd[1915] AC 79. Esanda Finance Corporation v Plessnig(1989) 166 CLR 131. Ringrow Pty Ltd v BP Australia Pty Ltd(2005) 222 ALR 306. Online Material Construction (2017)(online). Available at: https://www.constructionlawmadeeasy.com/Chapter12. Accessed on 7th October 2017. Construction (2017)(online). Available at: https://www.constructionlawmadeeasy.com/Chapter12. Accessed on 7th October 2017. Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Pty Ltd [2012] HCA 30. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd[1915] AC 79. Ringrow Pty Ltd v BP Australia Pty Ltd(2005) 222 ALR 306. ibid Esanda Finance Corporation v Plessnig(1989) 166 CLR 131

A Comprehensive Analysis of Between the World and Me, a Book by Ta

A Comprehensive Analysis of Between the World and Me, a Book by Ta-Nehisi Coates Essay In Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates, Coates recounts his life in the United States to his son by providing him a letter in which he conveys how life is and the hardships faced when living in a black body. The overlying theme in the novel that portrays such a lifestyle is the disembodiment of African Americans through American social structure. American social structure causes blacks to live in fear and causes them to be skeptical of America. Being disembodied means to be detached from your own body. It causes individuals to feel stood against; to feel useless; to feel as if they are not a part of the world. By encompassing around the theme of disembodiment, Coates is able to show the destruction of the black community and teach his adolescent son the realities of being black in the United States. In this paper, I will be providing examples on how the black communities were disembodied through exploitation and how it led to their destruction. American social structure has created fear to arise in black communities due to the injustices they face and the social stigma inflicted upon them. Coates displays this when he first mentions the idea of police brutality. He states, â€Å"The destroyers will rarely be held accountable. Mostly they will receive pensions†¦All of this is common to black people. And all of this is old for black people. No one is held responsible† (Coates, 2015, 9). Black communities should not be used to this idea of inequality and injustice when it comes to American policies. They have to deal with these issues to the point where they already know who the case is going to favor; whites. Not only is this police brutality, it is racial discrimination. Blacks are disembodied and pushed aside. â€Å" is a kind of terrorism, and the threat of it alters the orbit of all our lives and, like terrorism, his distortion is intentional† (Coates, 2015, 114). Their voices are always left unheard. A merica is known to be a country of equal protection, but in cases of African Americans, they are not. Laws do not protect them as they should and blacks are aware of this unsettling nature. Coates demonstrates this when he states, â€Å"The law did not protect us. And now, in your time, the law has become an excuse for stopping and frisking you, which is to say, for furthering the assault on your body† (Coates, 2015, 17). Police officers tend to escape from any legal issues regarding the treatment of civilians. Police do not have the right to administer any harm upon someone during an investigated scene initially. They have set rules to follow and officers tend to abuse this authority they have over citizens. It creates the police system to be unjust and violates its dictum in â€Å"keeping people safe†. This further leads to disembodiment, as blacks feel unwanted with such mistreatment. They are fearful of whites and authoritative abuse. Furthermore, Coates also menti ons how he had to â€Å"adapt† new ways to survive and not be disembodied in the streets. He had to learn to protect himself and â€Å"shield body† (Coates, 2015, 23). Coates â€Å"memorized a list of prohibited blocks learned the smell and feel of fighting weather† (Coates, 2015, 23). As a concerned black man, he had to be prepared and had to know where aggression took place. He also wrote to his son, â€Å"When I was about your age, each day fully one third of my brain was concerned with who I was walking to school with, our precise number, the manner of our walk, the number of times I smiled†¦I practiced the culture of the streets, a culture concerned chiefly with preserving the body† (Coates, 2015, 24). He is aware of every step he takes and of his appearance. He knows how other African Americans see him, and how white people see him. This concern also shows the way fear ran in the everyday lives of African Americans. Coates is aware that racis m is not gone, and he wants to protect his son. Even as an adult, Coates had to deal with disrespect when a white man yelled at him, â€Å"‘I could have arrested you’† (Coates, 2015, 94) for defending his son to walk wherever he wants. White people are aware of the divide between races and choose to take advantage of it. Blacks lack the chances in life that other ethnicities obtain and because of this, their lives are surrounded by fear. He â€Å"confess that afraid. And no God to hold up† (Coates, 2015, 113). Coates uses these instances to show the brokenness of the black community to teach his son about the realities of life in a black body. He wants to prepare his son for the unreasonable but encourage him to move forward without fear despite such hardships he will face. .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d , .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .postImageUrl , .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d , .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d:hover , .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d:visited , .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d:active { border:0!important; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d:active , .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e8a884cd119dcc67f6ffbcabd27af4d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Entrepreneurship EssayNot only has fear arose in black communities living in the United States, but the American social structure has also led blacks to be skeptical of the nation. The United States is seen as a country that protects everyone and is home of the American Dream, however, it fails to convey this aspect. This nation has created a history of destroying black bodies and minds. Coates refers to it as a â€Å"system that makes your body breakable† (Coates, 2015, 18). He reminds his son, â€Å"Here is what I would like for you to know : In America, it is traditional to destroy the black body – it is heritage† (Coates, 2015, 103). People never r ealize the truth behind America given its viewing as an exceptional country and because of this, American never accepts their offenses. It is not the nation Coates expected it to be. Instead, he sees it filled with hatred and crime. He states, America believes itself exceptional, the greatest and noblest nation ever to exist, a lone champion standing between the white city of democracy and the terrorists, despots, barbarians, and other enemies of civilization†¦ And it is so easy to look away, to live with the fruits of our history and to ignore the great evil done in all of our names. But you and I have never truly had that luxury (Coates, 2015, 8-9). Due to this disillusionment, black communities in the United States have become skeptical about America. If it were to follow its standards then African Americans would feel accepted and would be treated as a part of the world. Coates also disputes about American schooling and how it has false misperceptions as well. â€Å"I loved a few of my teachers. But I cannot say that I truly believed any of them†¦I sensed the schools were hiding something, drugging us with false morality so that we would not see, so that we did not ask: Why-for us and only us-is the other side of free will and free spirits an assault upon our bodies?† (Coates, 2015, 26). Coates’s questions were never answered given that others were never concerned with curiosity. Americans were taught what they had to be taught excluding concerns and overlooking reality, portraying America with this sense of disbelief. Coates only wants what is best for his son and informs him that he is: â€Å"†¦a black boy, and must be responsible for body in a way that other boys cannot know. Indeed, must be responsible for the worst actions of other black bodies, which, somehow, will always be assigned to . And must be responsible for the bodies of the powerful – the policeman who cracks with a nightstick will quickly find his excuse in furtive movements†¦ to make peace with the chaos, but cannot lie. cannot forget how much they took from and how they transfigured very bodies into sugar, tobacco, cotton and gold† (Coates, 2015, 71). Coates does not want his son to grow up facing these lies and does not halt to recount the actualities of what he will eventually approach. He says, â€Å"I did not want to raise you in fear or false memory. I did not want you forced to mask your joys and bind your eyes. What I wanted for you was to grow into consciousness. I resolved to hide nothing from you† (Coates, 2015, 111). Coates does not want his son to grow up believing that the idea and dream of America is â€Å"just†, so he reminds him of the truth and how it has cost black bodies. Growing up in a world of hate disembodies an individual, and this is exactly how Coates and black communities feel in America. They do not feel the need to be there and feel empty apart from everyone else given the mistreatment they face from authority and other races. Ta-Nehisi Coates focuses on the theme of disembodiment in the American social structure to further illustrate how it has destroyed black communities and to disclose the realities of living in a black body in the United States to his adolescent son. By doing so, he is preparing his son for the injustices and oppressions that he will ultimately have to become reconciled with and encourage him to move along forward to live an untroubled life that is not bounded with fear.

Pepsi and Coke free essay sample

Coke and Pepsi Coke and Pepsi are both two big companies in the world which are known by cola. Pepsi is the biggest competitor of coke. The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest manufacturer, distributor and beverage company(No author, 2009-6-26) Pepsi company Is also a transnational corporation with long history. Each ot them has blg market In the world. However, a comparison of Pepsi and coke reveals several similarities but a great number of differences. Coke and Pepsi are similar in a number of ways. Hrst they are both leaders of everage companles In the world. coca-cola currently otters nearly 400 brands In over 200 countries and serves 1. 5 billion servings each day. obviously coca-cola Is very strong In beverage companies. It has an important position In the beverage market, especially In the USA and some European countries. Pepsi is the same. Pepsi dudes widely known brands, innovative products, and powerful market skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi and Coke or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition Pepsi plans to drive sustainable water practices and improve countryside water In china, India and Atrlca (Sodapop 2008-2-1). These actions all show Pepsis strong power. The major difference Is that coke only focus on soft drink. however Pepsi has many production on other areas. Second, Pepsi and Coke both have long history. Coca Cola was invented by a doctor named John Pemberton trom Atlanta, Georgia In May, 1880, so coke has more than 120 years history. coke was first sold at the soda fountain In Pharmacy In 1886. It Is so funny. Because Coke was not sold as a drink, however It is one kind of medicine In original. Pepsi also has long history. It was born in the Carolinas in 1898 and Invented by Bradham (Bob and Tom 2009). Pepsi and Coke were born at a similar age. They all experienced more than 120 years. Despite these similarities, Pepsi and Coke differ greatly In several ways. Coke company is focus on one area. For example all production made by coke are soft drinks. Whatever Sprite and Fanta they are all brands of beverage. So beverage is the only way which Coke go straight. However Pepsi is different from Coke, Pepsi purchased many subsidiaries. Pepsi work on a wide area, this is the bggest difference with coke. A final major difference between Pepsi and Coke is about their main production Cola. Turning to nutritional content, Pepsi has slightly more sugar, calories, and caffeine, Coke has slightly more sodium (Lubin is why Pepsi tends to win the Pepsi challenge. However the most Important matter Is brand. And cokes campaign of advertisements on TV. It is clear that the differences and similarities between Pepsi and Coke. In conclusion they all have their own special advantages.

Writing An Essay on Energy

Writing An Essay on EnergyMany students are wondering how they can write an essay and even an exam on a topic that requires them to analyze their own personal energy problem-solution. Having a proper energy condition is very important to a person, but it is not something that you can easily study or talk about in an essay or in an exam.Energy is an issue that the majority of people cannot understand, if they try. They find it hard to answer questions on energy because they do not have an understanding about what energy really is. Some people actually have no idea about what energy is. The proper way to solve an energy problem in an essay or in an exam is by using a solution essay.There are different reasons why an energy problem can be solved in an essay. Sometimes you need to analyze your personal energy, such as your energy of relaxation, your energy of concentration and your energy of thinking. Other times, you will be asked to identify the energy of other people, such as the ener gy of your boss, the energy of your spouse or the energy of your friends.If you are preparing for a bar exam, you need to learn how to analyze your own energy by solving a problem. You will have a better understanding of your own personal energy. You will also have a clearer view of what energy is and how it affects you, so that you can better determine whether you can relax or not. You will also know how your stress level affects your overall well being.Writing an essay on energy is quite easy, but you need to know how to write an essay properly. A solution essay should contain a conclusion or summary. It should also include a discussion on your own personal energy, so that you will know how to solve a problem. It also includes your conclusions that will be related to the essay.If you do not feel confident about your ability to write an essay, you can ask someone else to help you write it. This is a good idea because it will allow you to get tips and tricks to improve your writing and also help you learn to be a better writer.An essay on energy will be helpful if you understand how to analyze your own energy, and if you know how to write an essay that contains your conclusions and your opinion on the energy condition. A solution essay is essential if you are about to take an exam for a Bar Exam, so it is necessary that you understand how to write an essay on energy.

Seven elements of art essays

Seven elements of art essays There are seven elements that are used in art. These seven elements are line, shape, form, value, texture, space and color. These seven elements are used to help artists create beautiful work. In some pieces of art it may be difficult to recognize these elements, but if you look closely you can find them. Some artists only use some of the elements at a time instead of all of them at once. The first element of art is the element of line. Lines are continuous marks made on some surface by a moving point. Lines could be used to show different feelings and moods. Composition is how the elements are arranged. Horizontal lines make a piece of art seem like it is calm and peaceful. Diagonal lines are used to create a sense of movement and tension. Vertical lines create a sense of everything being in order. Horizontal and vertical lines both have different qualities in different pieces of art. The next element is the element of shape. When lines join together they form shapes. Some shapes are geometrical like squares and rectangles. All the shapes are not three dimensional or in other words flat. Shape is an area clearly defined by one of the other visual elements. They are limited to only two dimensions which are height and width. These two dimensions of shape distinguish it from form. The next element is the element of form. Form is a three dimensional shape. The form of a sculpture is symmetrically balanced. Forms consist of height, width, and thickness. Unlike shapes, forms are not flat. An example of form would be a sculpture. There are two important features to form, and they are mass and volume. Mass is a quantity or aggregate of matter usually of considerable size. Volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object. The next is the element of value. Value is the lightness and darkness of a color. You can get different color values by mixing tints and shad ...

Terrorist Organization Hezbollah Research Paper

Terrorist Organization Hezbollah - Research Paper Example Similar to Taliban’s rise as an extremist independent organization in the aftermath of the Afghan-Russian war of 1979, Hezbollah too falls in the same category. Taliban emerged as a confrontation group aiming to remove Russian army from invading Afghanistan, with United States and Pakistan providing full military and financial support to them. Likewise, Hezbollah emerged as a consequence of Iranian revolution to back-out Israeli army from invading Lebanon back in 1982, and being backed up heavily by Iran and Syria. The formation of Hezbollah was an asset to the Islamic world, protecting it from invasions and western imperialism. But the view of Hezbollah as a protector is not same to all. Hostility towards Israel and United States has resulted in Hezbollah being declared as a terrorist organization. Before studying the origins of Hezbollah and its future imperatives, along with its hostility towards Israel and United States, one must visually understand the strategic importance of its homeland- Lebanon. Lying in between Syria and Israel, and a gateway to major Muslim countries of the world, Lebanon has a politically strategic location. Lebanon is the center of most of the religious activities that are carried out in the world. Because of intensely political and religious dissections, the circumstances and stability of Lebanon is easy to manipulate. Also Iran’s nuclear program establishment is itself a great threat to Israel (who always has an eye to counter Iran’s powers). However Israel can benefit if it is somehow able to capture Lebanon, as that will bring them one step closer to their ultimate target, Iran. Hezbollah is the leeway of many factors. Most important of which are the religious, military and political tensions in Lebanon. The religious roots of Hezbollah state back to Shia Islamic revival during the 1960’s and 1970’s in Iraq. After returning to Lebanon in 1970’s from Iraq, Najaf educated preachers and students

Paramedics assessment with Problems in Pregnancy and Complicated Research Paper

Paramedics assessment with Problems in Pregnancy and Complicated Childbirth - Research Paper Example By estimating her EDC or EDD through ultrasonography or manual calculations by measuring the fundic height or getting the LMP, a rough correlation with her uterine contractions can be deduced to know if the patient is undergoing false or true labor. Rupture of membranes or excretion of a mucus plug may indicate an active labor process. General health must also be assessed if the mother has had allergies, is smoker or alcoholic, or takes any drugs or medications (Complicated childbirth). In ancient times, the mode of delivery for subsequent pregnancies after a history of cesarean section (CS) will always be CS. Currently, there are now options to undergo a trial of labor after a cesarean birth but patients must be aided in their decision making with sufficient understanding about the risks and benefits of a vaginal delivery. With TOLAC, there is a risk of uterine rupture. The following characteristics, increases the success of vaginal delivery: previous vaginal delivery, history of VB AC, spontaneous labor, competent cervix, nonrecurring indications i.e. breech, previa, herpes, preterm delivery, an interpregnancy interval of more than 18 months. Similarly, the risks associated and factors that may contribute to failure of the process are morbid obesity, Hispanic and African American race, increasing birth weight, previous history of cephalopelvic disproportion, diabetes mellitus, failure to progress labor, no history of vaginal deliveries, or a previous cesarean section. In the clinical case given, her risks of undergoing a trial of labor may be high; therefore a cesarean delivery may be recommended (Caughey, n.d.). Condition Clinical presentation Problems/Risks/Complications Management Ectopic pregnancy Signs of pregnancy i.e. amenorrhea, positive pregnancy test Abdominal pain accompanied by shoulder pain as the embryo grows distending the involved structure and compressing adjacent organs If abdominal implantation, signs of shock i.e. hypotension If cervical or fallopian tube implantation, vaginal blood loss Problem: implantation of the embryo in structures other than the uterus Risk: previous ectopic pregnancy, history of tubal surgery, history of tubal infection, progestin-only contraception, intrauterine contraceptive devices Complication: rupture of structure with the growing fetus, hemorrhage causing hypovolemic shock Early diagnosis via ?-hCG level determination Transport to a medical facility for possible surgical procedure Correct signs of shock Pain alleviation Pre-term labour Uterine contractions Small amount of cervical effacement or dilatation Problem: premature onset of labor before 38 weeks of gestation Risk: multi-gravid, intrauterine infections, premature rupture of the membranes, uterine or cervical anatomical anomalies, smoker, Complication: preterm birth, low birth weight neonate, fetal distress, infection Prehospital setting: supportive care, decrease level of stress, bed rest Hospital setting: IV salbutamol Pre-eclamp sia Hypertension; BP >140/90 mmHg Edema Proteinuria Headaches Visual disturbances Pulmonary edema Hepatic dysfunction Oliguria Thrombocytopenia or haemolysis Problem: biochemical and physiological alteration resulting to widespread vasoconstriction, organ ischemia and edema Risk: obesity, diabetes mellitus, race Complication: progression to eclampsia; brain ischemia, seizure, heart failure, decreased